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English
A Comparative study of offering in Bible with Korean's
Cha Woo jyung : representative of Podowon Mission (1996, California
Graduate School of Theology)
Contents
1.Cultural & anthropological concern
2. Development of offering
3. The traces of offerings for God in Korea
4. Conclusion; God in the Israel's and Korean's offerings
Thesis
1.Cultural & anthropological concern
1) With territory and weather
Four weather band has been in Euro-Asia continent since the last glacial age,
B.C.10 millenniums ,¨çone is the zone of the amount of rainfall below 150mm,
include Nepud Desert, Decitikabit Desert ,Daklamakan Desert, Gobi Desert The
Himalaya, and Tibet high land. ¨èthe other is south and north of these cold zone
and the area of meadow more 250mm rainfall but not plenty located south of northern
forest and desert of middle east, north of Tibet High Land, cross east of Gobi
Desert to the Great Wall of China and Hwarim north Mongolia east stretching
Danube, Ural, Finland ¨é Third band spreaded from west-south of Altai to desert
area of Middle Asia, to narrow place of south of Caspi, Iran High Land, Turkey
and east north og Istanbul channel ¨ê Forth is include India, east South Asia,
Manchuria, KOrean Peninsular and Japan, Monsoon region. Among these bands through
third band Isral and Korea connected.
2) Language
This Map show have same Ural Altaic language Turkey, Iran, northern of Mesopotamia. It seemed somehow changed to India-Euro Language influenced from Egypt and Assyrian but Nobody can deny
much similarities between Israel language and Korean.
3) Roots of Nations
Since glacial period when Ural Altaic people scattered east, west and south
direction a branch of them went to Euphrates and Tigris, and made Sumer Culture
and Hittite, Akkad, Amurru, Babylon and Arameans are all Ural Altaic people
from north from Shemite.
4) Life Style
Two tribe have same traces of life of nomad, digging and hunting, grey and colored
earth ware, most family of father's, one husband and wife, inheritance of eldest
son and the name of God "Anunim" have same pronunciation Chaldeans
and Korean as only creator, same big flood tradition. Especially Korean call
rainbow "Mujigae"(means umbrella protecting us from water), same pronunciation
"Is" of Israel with Korean and "al" means God with same
pronunciation for examples in case of Israel ar-arat, ba-al, in Korean Ur-al,
Al-tai, Baik-al. 3) Differences
Bible see human as be created but Korean see themselves as descendants of God
by their tradition.
4) The source of genome
>
This picture is Genome map which completed 2002 by Stringer and show the route
of source of homosapience from Africa to South America. According to this map,
7.000-35.000 years ago from C,D 7,8,10 went to east from Altai to Tigris, Euphrates
who are roots of Sumer, Hittite, amurru
all use Ural-Altaic language.
5) Biblical basis
By Genesis 10:21-30
21 Sons were also born to Shem, whose older brother was Japheth; Shem was the
ancestor of all the sons of Eber.
22 The sons of Shem: Elam, Asshur, Arphaxad, Lud and Aram.
23 The sons of Aram: Uz, Hul, Gether and Meshech.
24 Arphaxad was the father of Shelah, and Shelah the father of Eber.
25 Two sons were born to Eber: One was named Peleg, because in his time the
earth was divided; his brother was named Joktan.
26 Joktan was the father of Almodad, Sheleph, Hazarmaveth, Jerah,
Hadoram, Uzal, Diklah,
27 Obal, Abimael, Sheba,
28 Ophir, Havilah and Jobab. All these
29 were sons of Joktan.
30 The region where they lived stretched from Mesha toward Sephar, in the eastern
hill country.
In the age of Arphaxad third son of Shem, eldest son of Noah then Babel accident
occurred, people scattered, 12 sons of Joktan moved from Mesha(Mesopotamia not
north of Arabia Desert) to Sephar(Siberia ria was attached by Germans) seem
not to be engaged making Babel tower, have offering authority on account of
last recording of this context(biblical tradition) through Ararat- Irak, Iran-aral-kajakstan-almahata-tasukent-north
and south of Tengry MT.-Mongolia- Gobi Desert, In this third weather band. people
could move freely whenever.
2. Development of offering
A. B.C 4.000-2.000
1) Offering and view to God of Middle East: In old Mesopotamia there were Obeid
period(B.C 4.300-3.500) Warka(B.C 3.100), Jemret Nasr(B.C 3.100-2.900)period,
Obeid first of them was build by Sumerian. Sumer society was organized of many
small city countries each had offering system for different god. Center of city
apart from civil area there were offering structures priest's house, meadow
for sacrifice animals, offering and assembled place
Gods are Marduk(korean mean the pole to fix horse, Sumerian mean horse god),
Anunim(Mean creator in Koean), Nigal, Enlil(god of storm), Ninna, Ninsi, Ninbi(god
of rain), all twelves gods. Those city countries fought against and one win
other, it conducted other. They understood this kind of same order in heaven
world. Once Enlil was champion, last Marduk conduct Sumer who had strong cavalry.
Home Town of Abraham, Anunim(always not won) temple was there. No one noticed.
B.C 2.400 when Akkad people began to conduct this area, kings of Akkad regarded
to replace the gods, this thinking had descended to Nebuchadnezzar. The Human
God appeared after the heaven god and the natural(earth) god like Ural- Altaian
Sumerian observed heaven, tell fortunes have defensive thinking of next age.
They called themselves ¡á¡á¡á¡á¡á¡á¡á. By the result of father Kim Gyo-sin's research
this word is in contrast with the word of "amgol"(means mother society's
valley in Korean) turned to the word "Scythian" whose horses and saddles
was found from Korean king's tumb at Kyong Ju of Sinlla age
2) Records in Bible
Genesis 4:3 In the course of time Cain brought some of the fruits of the soil
as an offering to the LORD. But Abel brought fat portions from some of the firstborn
of his flock. 4 The LORD looked with favor on Abel and his offering, 5 but on
Cain and his offering he did not look with favor. So Cain was very angry, Genesis
8:20 Then Noah built an altar to the LORD and, taking some of all the clean
animals and clean birds, he sacrificed burnt offerings on it. 3) The offering
of Ural Altaian
It was different with that of Chinese.
B.C 5.000-2.500 Hanam and Hyup su
Province of China there was a agriculture age name of Angsao, and B.C 2.300-1.800
the half lower part of Yellow River Rungsan Civilization developed by southern
Chinese mixed e with the Middle Post Mongolian, most of them was maternal line
society,(part of them mixed with father line), their totem was swallow, no traces
of observing heaven or creator. Beside Ural Altaian have God at top like that
of Sumerian below heaven gods, earth gods and human gods. Best offering was
national level offering for heaven God. Western see in Ural Altaian's Shamanism
characteristic ecstasy condition and expose telling future, clean, offering
and guiding death spirit through it. But this condition is part of Ural Altaian
cultic life. This word was made by a Russian who contact Tungus vicinity of
Transbaikalia and Enisei River half after 17C. But by Handangogi(oldest Korean
history Shaman was oriented from Sam-Han(three Chosun=Mak Cho
sun, Jin Chosun and Bun Chosun) and spreading their cultic life over Euro Asia.
Those days Ural Altaian spread all over Euro Asia Continent with this cultic
life in the name of Sam Han. of Chinese word. Ural Altaian had a oriental God
descended from Noah, after the God divided to heaven, earth and human. Priest'
name was Han-In (God) B.C 7.000-4.000 for 3.000 years(by the old history book)
next for 2.000 Han- Woong, and next 2.000 years from Abraham to Rome age The
priest name was Dangun. In this period they offered sacrifice of animal blooding
and most of chiefdom countries had maintained this offering and political mixed
system. Ural Altaian had kept Samhanism(Shamanisim) for long time cross the
third weather band, centered Priest continued the religious chiefdom country
union during tribe's age. Then we can see same kind of priest the Melchizedek
and Jethro, Mose's father of law for only God who were over Euro Asia Continent
name of Sot-Dae or Su-Du.
4) Similarities and differences
Beside over Euro Asia Long residents had kept mother god line thinking but Ural
Altaian(including Israel and Korean) have thinking of only God and offering
custom including gods and grade gods. Two nations had offering system of sacrifice
blooding, male dominant family custom. male was priest, regard the bird and
bird's shapes as the symbol which connect human with heaven. Both had thinking
of next life home land after dead that match bible Word ¡°return to earth after
dying.".
To Ural Altaian be descended one husband and one wife family system follow to
bible Word but Middle East influenced by residents gods be descended one husband
and many wives. Inheritance for eldest son became common, continued offering
authority by eldest son. Differences between Abraham had be created concept
about human but Ural Altaian had descendant of God, Israelites regard ground
as basic of life Ural Altaian regard nature(mountain, tree, animal and weather),
bow and Arrow.
B. After B.C 2.000-Christ
1) In This Period two nation had developed from tribe to nation and invaded
other nations many times.
Many times the offering system of Israel from Abraham to Jesus Christ, Abraham
had made alter where he met God with natural stone and earth and offered animal
sacrifice, during Mose's age people had made the tabernacle, and had the burnt,
the sin the brain, the fellowship, the guilt offerings and meaning were plants
and animals. One time a year chief priest entered the Most Holy Place and offered
many animal's blood for all Israel people's sin. During king's age Judah people
offered at temple made by Solomon for God and other gods, north Kingdom Israel
offered at self made alter to God and gods including Asherah poles, Baal, Molech
and star of god Rephan that means mixed offerings. Bible record except 4 kings,
all of north and south kingdom didn't accord to follow God will in offerings.
Before Babylon prisoners even ruined dynasty's offering descending had continued,
they had six memorial days a year, tribe's priest exchanged offered at alters
or Solomon temple.
The Six memorial days are as next
¨ç Sabbaths is most important fast day in year tenth day after new year, when
they clean accumulated spiritual sins for a year through fasts and prayers,
and fellowship with others and to fin peace in mind.
¨è the day of the Passover: To memory historical days be free from the slaves
of Egypt on the month of Abib they continue In the month of Nisan from 14th
to 7days.
¨é the day of Unleavened Bread: Same period of Passover days ,for 8days they
cast out all bread made with yeast from Israel area. all Jews took bread made
without yeast on the table for passover days and memory the harvest of barley,
offer passover lambs sacrifice
¨ê Celebrate the Feast of Weeks: To memory 6th day of Shivan month, holy day
next day of 7 weeks after aes the day offer first fruits of new harvest. traditionally
Jews kept two days, but the Grecian Jews called this days the day of Pentecost.
¨ë Celebrate the Feast of Tabernacles
5th day after Sabbaths in Tishili month, from 15th day new year, for 7days festival
and congratulate next day. Old Israel people memory the Thanksgiving for last
harvest. On this day for thanksgiving rather than blessing, they had offered
sacrifices before temple.
They spent for those days in small temporary cottages covered roof or lean wall
with palm leaves and dried corn poles. They took food in it and remember their
field life
¨ì The Day of Purim: 14th day of 2nd Adar Month, when they had read the scroll
of Queen Esther, this memorial day had been begun to congratulate the day that
Mordecai win against Haman. And this day mean the rite day to give jews the
hope to win against all enemies.
Especially Jews exchange presents each other and help poor
2) Beside Ural Altaian(old Koeaen) has been the ritual nation for long ago.
Dangun name of Priest different that of China. According to Handangogi many
records of offerings. We can see a offering records shown in Dongijun(ÔÔì¨îî) of
wysyu(êàßö)..
"Every year, May came, they enjoy all nighy and day drinking, dancing,
and singing. How to dance, tens personal rising up together, following each
other, stamping their feet on ground bring body lower and higher, keeping time
with hand's and foot's beating. After harvest every year, October they had this
kind of festival. They believe ghost.
For each city they select a priest name of Chungun and let him to conduct offerings.
Each country have a special place called Sodo where ghost big pole with drum
or ring are, if escaper entered there he can alive."
Since B.C 5.000, Hanin and Hanwoong's authority from north tribes of China who
control area with iron and bronze cultures began to decline in Asia and China
withdrawing from agricultural tribes of Yellow River. when the famous Chiwoo
Heaven King(war god, human god 14th Hanwoong of New mongolian=Ural Altaian)
had been perished. And Buddhism of Siddhartha risen B.C 700 and Confucianism
ha begun to spread from China developing Chinese letters Then Ural Altaian offerings
had begun to perish. Until among northern tribes remained some kinds of offering
rites for Heavenly God named Dongmaeng, Muchun, and Yonggo. In the Dongmaeng
days in Koryo, October, they offered for Ancestor kings, thanks harvest for
heaven and land gods When males and females from villages assembled night and
enjoyed singings and dances. In the Muchun days, that of Buyo, dancing for heaven,
thanks, offers animals and grains sacrifices, drinking, got fellowship. In Yonggo
days after harvest, December all peoples crowded at each city, offer sacrifices
for Heavenly God, before rite events of beating drum had been activated. Foe
several days enjoyed singing, dancing. In Sodo days which were in Silla, Autumn,
prepared soldier's clothes and had offering for God. By Shin Cheho' history
records the reasons of offering perishment was the Dangun's prayers had begun
to lost it's power. This ages is periods of losing of Ural Altaian's offering
power.
3) Similarities and differences
Similarities through the offerings from Abraham to south and north dynasties
and Old Chosun age which Handangogi say, are ¨ç Both had inherited from ancestors
the offering for God ¨è On every memorial day people gave gifts to priest and
be solved their problems. ¨é On every memorial day by priest be conducted national
level offering and be made events to integrate peoples.
¨ê To prevent avenge there were places in both nations.
¨ë there was chief priest system, chief priest conducted offering sacrifices
blooding. ¨ì At first they used natural alters. after they moved one or many
places In this period Chosun of Dangun in Asia and Israel of Middle East became
national country, in contrast with other countries vicinity of it could continue
more long time kingdom by jews style ritual political system.(jews: for 500
years south and north dynasty, Chosun 2.000 by old records of Korean, but differences
were ¨ç It was similar giving gifts (animals, grains) to priests for compensation,
but in case of Jews it was discriminated that responsibilities of ruling and
offerings the food for Levites not over their life, For Dangun(Chon-gun) they
have one system in policy and offering and this offering for Dangun had begun
tribute in Asia and gave big load of people, restricted by law.
¨è various events to integrate people on memorial days were same, Jews followed
ritual event like fast, prayer, countries of Ural Altaian(Goguryo, Silla Dong-ye,
Buyo) got festival for long days taking foods ,drinking and dancing like that
of king Ahasuerus and Queen Esther age
C A.D- 1.000
1) In those term for jews jewism had been descended continuously, for European
coast of Mediterranean Sea for 300years gospel of Jesus Christ was preached
against persecutions, As did for German nations after movements south and west
B.C 200-A.D 1.000. And jew's offering had changed to meeting of synagogue(jews)
and worship(christian). In this millenium Christianity went through dark age.
In Asia, China dynasties had changed from Huhan, to Wyi, Ohosipukuk, Bukwyi,
Su, Dang, Yo, Song. North (New Mongolian= Ural Altaian) and South(Chinese=Middle
Post Mongolian) had gave and taken those dynasty authority and Chinese letter,
Buddhism and Confucianism had spread all around Asia. Especially this time .A.D
751 General Kosunji of Dang(whowas from Goguryo=Dong-i=ural Altaian) Had invaded
west over the Himalayas (now Stan's countries) in third weather zone, Invaded
counties began to combine through Mohammedanism
to protect their countries from general Gosunji. Acts 16:7 "When they came
to the border of Mysia, they tried to enter Bithynia, but the Spirit of Jesus
would not allow them to." Then three other big religions was against Paul.
I In Korean's countries kings us Buddhism and confucianism to control people,
But in civil Gut, Gosite, Sotdae, worship 7stars, and descended rits had continued.
And the Buddhism had confused their law with these civil rites. For examples,
temple or trees to worship Hanwoong heaven king was changed to Dawoongjun(where
Buddhistical Idols were) and They let stand four human gods at the enterance
of temple with the status of Buddha's protectors. the alter escaped from China
to Korean Peninsular with last chief priest King Jun, had stayed at Silla, went
over Japan Island. Then Japanese have their many small gods made in Asia till
then and Chunjodaesin(creator) Only God in Korean had escaped and disappeared
in the Asia Continent, all rites concern with God began to descend in common
people.
2) Changing the characters of offerings
Jew's life had changed from offerings in temple after Babylon prisoner for temple
had destroyed. And offering of sacrifices had ceased and replaced keeping law
and memorial day with ritual life around synagogues, and Judaism closed in nation.
Otherwise Christian had perfectly different offering regulations exactly worship
through faith the blood of Jesus "The righteous will live by faith."
This gospel was preached all over Europe first by Paul apostle. Christian offering
rule is worship in the church to memory Jesus revival on Sunday. Jews had scattered
to all Europe without temple and country after Christ for 2.000years against
continued Europe christian's persecution. Korean's offering for heaven God had
changed to worship to Chinese king by oppression. And offering authority that
Dangun had transferred to Chinese king. After Dangun's withdrawing from China,
there were many times of seizure wars between North nations and south nations
for offering authority. Then except most dynasties except Han, Myon and Song
are from northern line nations. The nations with Noah's offering traces via
Joktan's family to Dangun had scattered since B.C 2.000 and after A.D 400 mixed
with Buddhism, and once appeared Goryo Dynasty, disappeared from surface.
D. After A.D 1.000(ages of Buddhism and Confucianism)
1) This time in Europe after perishing of Rome, pops controled Christian churches
and offerings(worships) which were ruined much. And after big movement of German
peoples when the Religious Reform began offerings had recovered in Europe offering
authority transferred from pop to kings and next to civil. And christian countries
had met Renaissance, Industrial Revolution, Civil Revolution.
In Asia under the Confucianism and Buddhism and the culture of Chinese letter
oppressions, pillages and wartime had continued, and in common people's life
legal acts, practical thinking, this life, king's authorities had been oriented.
13th century when Chingiz Khan invaded western areas once christianity transferred
to Asia as the name of Myong Kyo, then Chingiz Khan has Christian, Catholic,
Buddhism and Mohammedanism staffs to tell future for every war. He had mixed
religion. In Korea Koryo Wanggun( beginner of dynasty) activated Buddhist rite(Yon-dung-hwe)
and God's rite(Pal-guan-hwe) to integrate people. In common societies people
worships many gods influenced from Shamanism and Chinese's Um-yang-o-haeng.
And law forbade the superstitions.
And Offering rite had continued by only king to beginning of Lee dynasty. But
the Chong dynasty oppressed to cease kings of the Lee dynasty, and the offering
from long time ago in Korean had disappeared perfectly, and influenced by the
Confucianism the tendencies of behaviour counting of first importance. The Main
Points are those, Western countries had blossomed Christianity Cultures, but
Korean had lost ancestor's offerings for God except some common people's rites.
In Korean first there was only God and offering and next appeared three god(heaven,
earth, human), and next 8gods(moon. fire, water, tree, iron, earth), and next
12gods(animals) 72god(mixed) total 300gods. The reason there remained gods of
ancestors is korean's thinking that they are ancestors of God and Hyo thinking
of Confucianism are matched together.
Taejong of Lee dynasty accept Myong dynasty's Hongmuyeje(the rules of Confucianism)
to defense Myong's invading and let people to worship only gods of ancestors.
But after Chung rising according to it's view for God common people sang a psalm
after Byongjahoran. "Songjupuli"which was famous around Seoul is the
song. At the last verse of the song we see "alla(God) mansu(long time),
alla daesiniyou! (Big God!)" there was a view that Taejong of Chong rebuked
Injo of Lee dynasty because Lee dynasty cast ancestor's offering.
2) Changing of offering concept
In Christian Societies the authorities of the offering had transferred from
Pops and Maria to Jesus, bible and assembled worships, and the thinking developed
that my body is temple of God, people, a royal priesthood, equality humanity
through new offering(worship). And those minds ignited the thinking of human
right and freedom and based civil revolution, industrial revolution, industrial
societies and city cultures. The program of the offerings of reformed church
are follows which developed by new christian
1. open
2. praising Lord and confession
3. Time of prayers, intercession
4. giving of thanks and answers
5. Testimonies and reading Words
6. sending and blessing
7. Holy Supper
In contrast with this In Korean societies the offering for God began to disappear
and change to for ancestors. But during Goryo dynasty and Lee dynasty only by
kings the offerings for God had been continued. and writter checked the last
son of Lee dynasty Lee Gu knew the offering program for God as follows;
1. Preparing the way
2. Cleaning the way
3. Rite to let heaven know
4. Salutes
5. Checking to drink
6. Setting up the pole of Sotdae
7. Resisting Devil(ghosts)
8. Ending events
This kind of offering custom for heaven God were absorbed to family offering
system for ancestors. The gifts have changed from animal sacrifices to other
food. and the program are as follows.
!. Waiting gods(ancestors)
2. Spreading on table the gifts
3. First giving
4. Repeating giving
5. Giving drink
6. Last giving
7. Family taking the gifts.
Through studying this programs we can see the differences of both nation's offerings
had not changed for thousands years. The offerings of the Israel people and
the Christian aim at giving themselves but Korean aims at calling gods and blessing
3. The traces of offerings for God in Korea
1) The traces of Genesis In Chinese letter: Chinese letters seemed to be made
3.000 by Ural Altaian and Chinese from B.C 3.000. In the letters there are 300
letters meaning genesis and offering
sasi(ÞÓãÁ) mean from 9 o'clock to 11 o'clock when offer God. From this letter
developed the letter Sa(Þå).
Jae(ð®) means giving repeatedly(éÑ) meat(ë¿) on alter(ãÆ).
Hyul(úì) means blood(,) on the bowl(Ù©).
They offered animal's blood to God.
yui(ëù) is organized with yang(sheep: åÏ) and A(ä²). This letter means that I(ä²)
can be righteousness under the sheep(åÏ).
2) Offering traces remained in Korean language: The word "Hananim"
meaning only God is only in Korean different with Japan and China. Chinese Kings
belief themselves replace God and In Japan Heavenly King is among them. "Korean
called God as "Hana-nim/ Hanu-nim/ Hanul-nim". But it was from the
old languages han(big) and al(God) nim(an honorific title). Han is same letter
with Kan(big) and developed Han-kuk(big country), Kan-guk Chingiz -Khan, daegak-kan(king
of Silla) and al developed alla(Mohammedanism), Ba-al,(earth god), Baed-al(byo=rice-al
+God)nation.(according to Handangogi when open the heaven Hanwoong heavenly
king called the name of country meaning of that working God in rice agriculture),
Me-al-i (moe=mountain-a=God)means working God in mountain. Western missionaries
found in Korea image of God in their mind through those korean words and regarded
korea was Priest John's country they knew.
3) The offering traces remained in Korean song: Most respectable song is Arirang.
this song was found by an elder of Buddhist temple A.D 1,624, Sunjo of Lee dynasty
when the novels of Korean letter began to appear in common societies from mother's
mouth.
After then same words of song was found in the Buddhist Books. And in Clean
Gut and Safe Gut(shaman's event) between third and forth dance also be found.
This shows that the song was from over the history from long time ago. The words
of the song are as next." ali alirang suri surirang al al iga na ne"God
is better than power) and
"Alirang Alirang Al Al iyo Al irang goerul numu ganda narul burigo gasinun
nimun siprido motga balbung nanda" (God God with God with God I cross the
high lands, If you cast God you will fall in a hour).
This songs seems to be sung as Praising God by Ural Altaian old Korean with
dancing and offering
On memorial days in Goguryo, Buyo, Dongye and Silla, people sang this songs
as praising God.
After then the offerings for God disappeared in Korean countries but This songs
alived
4. Conclusion; God in the Israel's and Korean's offerings
The differences of concepts of both nation could be found in the knowing God,
attitude for God and show the differences of thinking and life styles. We must
find our deficient points from those differences
Korean think they are ancestors of God and if they keep rule and custom they
can call God and conduct. And basically they haven't any sin offering thinking,
have faith of blessing to protect from wars and calamities with Shamanism. They
want to communicate with God and gods to tell future, cast misfortune and call
happiness. Otherwise Jews and Christian have sin offering and aim at God thinking
developed in their minds. And obey first after knowing the will of God. And
the languages of western peoples had developed to passive voice different with
passive voice that of korean. In korean language there are many "I do"
but in western languages are "I be done" Korean adore family more
than God, like reality, lie, bribes and easy to get angry influenced from ancestors.
When we considered these deficient points, to correct our errors in faith and
begin to pray and reform, we can take again the great status of Priest John's
country descended from Ural Altaian via Sumer to Abraham.